Environmental restorative justice and epistemic justice are key to integrating ideas of transitional justice and restorative practices to tackle environmental harms and climate change in Africa, writes Saniah Matengu.
CSVR | CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF VIOLENCE AND RECONCILIATION
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View AllThe Parties agreed to promote peace and national unity by upholding the Constitution of 12 May 1996, fostering economic and social development, and respecting state institutions. They declared a ceasefire between the Defence and Security Forces of Niger and the FDR and committed to releasing all detainees.
The government pledged to address FDR’s concerns regarding administrative decentralisation and minority rights and accelerate investment in the Kawar-Manga zone. It also committed to encouraging FDR participation in public affairs by reinstating civil servants, recruiting qualified members, and facilitating education for their children.
With government support, the FDR gathered ex-combatants in Diffa for identification, disarmament, and sorting, with plans to reintegrate fighters into military, security, and civilian roles. The Government pledged to assist the voluntary return and reintegration of refugees, grant a general amnesty for war-related acts committed before the agreement, and support the FDR’s transition into a political party after disarmament.
This agreement established the principles for a comprehensive settlement for peace in the south-western region of Africa. It was pursuant to Security Council Resolution 435 of 1978 on the independence of Namibia and the withdrawal of foreign troops from the territory of Namibia.
Libya and Chad signed an agreement to implement the International Court of Justice’s judgment affirming Chad’s sovereignty over the Aouzou Strip. The Parties agreed to withdraw Libyan forces by 30 May 1994 under joint Libyan-Chadian supervision and UN observation. They also launched joint mine clearance operations and committed to establishing secure border crossings, joint patrols, and a boundary demarcation team. Both parties pledged to prevent their territories from being used by hostile actors and to avoid military threats along the border.
Libyan parties met in Paris at the invitation of French President Emmanuel Macron, with UN Special Representative Ghassan Salamé in attendance. They issued a 10-point Joint Declaration reaffirming the 2015 Libyan Political Agreement (Skhirat) and committed to advancing national reconciliation and institutional unification.
The parties agreed to a nationwide ceasefire, restricting the use of armed force to counter-terrorism operations, and pledged to support UN-facilitated political dialogue. They endorsed measures to unify key state institutions, including the Central Bank, National Oil Corporation, and Libyan Investment Authority, and committed to holding presidential and parliamentary elections as soon as possible.
The declaration also called for a transitional justice process and a national amnesty, supported the disarmament, demobilisation, and reintegration of fighters, and backed a roadmap to unify Libya’s security and military forces. While the agreement promoted ceasefire, inclusion and state-building, it lacked concrete implementation and accountability mechanisms. Its success heavily relied on broader Libyan participation beyond the two signatories, emphasising the need for a more inclusive and rights-based transitional process.
Libya’s main political factions and tribal leaders convened in Hammamet, Tunisia, where they negotiated and approved the Consultation Meeting process, later known as the Hammamet Agreement. The Parties endorsed a roadmap supporting the UN-facilitated Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF) and agreed to form a unified executive authority.
They approved selection mechanisms for a new Presidency Council and interim government to restore state institutions, foster national reconciliation, and prepare for national elections. Building on earlier efforts such as the Skhirat Agreement, the Hammamet process adopted a more inclusive and technocratic approach to Libya’s political transition.
With the Agreement for Lasting Peace through the Permanent Cessation of Hostilities, the parties committed to an immediate and permanent end to hostilities, the restoration of constitutional order in Tigray, the disarmament and reintegration of TPLF combatants, and the protection of civilians and human rights. The agreement guarantees unhindered humanitarian access, the return and reintegration of displaced persons, and the restoration of essential services. It also mandates the reestablishment of federal authority in Tigray and ensures Tigray’s meaningful inclusion in federal institutions, addressing longstanding political marginalisation. To support implementation, the parties established mechanisms for monitoring, verification, and compliance. The agreement further outlined transitional measures, including the creation of an inclusive interim administration, the development of a national transitional justice policy, and frameworks for resolving political differences and ensuring accountability.
With the Declaration on the Modalities for the Implementation of the Agreement for Lasting Peace through a Permanent Cessation of Hostilities, that parties again committed to halting all military actions. They agreed to a phased disarmament process for Tigray armed combatants, including orientation, disengagement, and the handover of heavy and light weapons. The declaration reaffirmed the federal government’s authority and responsibility to protect civilians and restore essential services. It also guaranteed unhindered delivery of humanitarian aid and established joint monitoring and verification mechanisms under the oversight of the African Union. Additionally, the declaration called for the responsible use of media to support peace implementation. A joint committee, with international mediators as witnesses, would oversee the execution of all measures.
The Republic of Namibia gained its independence on 21 March 1990 after decades of colonial rule by Germany and later occupation by South Africa’s apartheid government. Before independence, Namibia saw grave violations of human rights, including the Nama and Herero genocide at the hands of German colonialists, the forced disappearances of thousands by South African forces, and the killings of an unknown number of Namibians accused of spying for South Africa by the liberation movement.
On 6 March 1957, Ghana gained independence from Britain, becoming the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to achieve independence from a European colonial power. Spearheading the African decolonial movement and Ghana’s colonial liberation, Francis Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Convention People’s Party (CPP), served as the prime minister of independent Ghana from 1957 until 1960.
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View AllThe Peace Declaration was part of a series of unilateral pre-negotiation documents exchanged between multiple Nigerian communities. It appeared alongside the Fulani Declaration of Intent and a position paper submitted by the Hausa community.
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With this Agreement, Eritrea supported the political independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Somalia. The Parties agreed to forge political, economic, social, cultural as well as defense and security cooperation, establish diplomatic relations and exchange ambassadors, promote bilateral trade and investment as well as educational and cultural exchanges, and foster regional peace, stability and economic...
Securing peace in Tigray requires a return to the core promises of Ethiopia’s transitional justice policy, namely restoring displaced communities, ensuring accountability, ending foreign military presence, and fostering inclusive governance, writes Deborah Banketa.
The Peace Declaration was part of a series of unilateral pre-negotiation documents exchanged between multiple Nigerian communities. It appeared alongside the Fulani Declaration of Intent and a position paper submitted by the Hausa community.