CSVR | CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF VIOLENCE AND RECONCILIATION
On 1 October 1960, Nigeria gained independence from Britain, with Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as the prime minister and the British monarch, Elizabeth II, as the constitutional head of state. On 1 October 1963, Nigeria became a republic, with Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first independent president. Since its independence, the country has struggled with...

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Peace Agreements

The Parties to the Dialogue expressed their commitment to the principles of democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, development and security for all and their desire to engage Togo in the path of national reconciliation. The Parties agreed to create a climate of reciprocal trust, likely to promote national reconciliation, including through democratic functioning of Togolese institutions and respect for the Constitution. The Parties agreed to adopt legislation to codify the respective rights and duties of the opposition and of the majority and also agreed on the components of a code of good conduct to be respected by all actors in political life. The Parties agreed to adopt rules on funding of political parties, which was recognised as a necessity to ensure both the proper functioning of parties and equal opportunities in political life and particularly during electoral competitions. The Parties agreed that freedom of expression, including through public and private media, is an essential right and to that end agreed that the High Authority for Audiovisual and Communication (HAAC) must be restructured in order to reflect the diversity of views, effectively fulfil its regulatory role and ensure access for all to the media.

Peace Agreements

The Parties acknowledged that the Sudan National Dialogue convened in October 2015 was not sufficiently inclusive, and agreed that national political matters should be discussed in the context of Sudan’s Inclusive National Dialogue. The Parties agreed that the Dialogue should be made more inclusive, particularly as the outcome of the Dialogue would form the basis of the National Constitution. The Parties agreed to negotiate a roadmap to encompass the necessary steps.

Peace Agreements

The Parties to the Protocol on Participation agreed to the participation of JEM at different levels of government, including a National Minister and State Minister position, as well as DRA-level positions and at the level of the States. The Parties further agreed that JEM combatants would be integrated in the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan Police Forces in accordance with the provisions of the Doha Darfur Peace Document (DDPD), with the percentage to be determined after the verification process. The Parties agreed that combatants not integrated would benefit from social welfare programmes and reaffirmed their commitment to the criteria for integration, including minimum academic qualifications.

Peace Agreements

The Parties agreed to form a Joint Political Committee to address all issues relevant to Blue Nile and Southern Kordofan States, guided by agreed on principles, including inclusive governance, balanced development, popular consultations and a peaceful and prosperous future. The mandate of the Joint Political Committee would include implementation of the outstanding provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, achievement of the goals of Popular Consultation, inclusive national political process, etc. The Parties agreed to form a joint committee to discuss issues of national concern, including an inclusive Constitutional review process. The Parties affirmed the right of SPLMN to continue as a political party. As a basis for security arrangements, the Parties agreed that Sudan will have one national army and that the SPLA forces from Blue Nile and Southern Kordofan would be integrated into the national armed forces, other security forces or civil service, or undergo DDR.

Peace Agreements

The Parties agreed that the Abyei Area Administration would consist of a Chief Administrator, Deputy Chief Administrator and five heads of department, with the Chief Administrator nominated by the SPLM. The Parties agreed to establish an Abyei Joint Oversight Committee to oversee the Executive Council, on behalf of the Presidents of Sudan and South Sudan. The Parties agreed to the establishment of the Abyei Police Service, with a special unit to deal with challenges arising from nomadic migration. The Parties also agreed on the process for resolution of the final status of Abyei.

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Truth Commissions

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia (2005-2009) was tasked with investigating whether the gross human rights violations and international human rights violations that occurred from January 1979 to October 2003 were isolated incidents or part of a larger, systemic issue. The commission’s mandate was to provide a forum for all parties to share their experiences and further investigate the disclosed incidents. It was also charged with critically reviewing the history of Liberia to rectify false information and misconceptions, particularly regarding socioeconomic and political developments. The mandate specifically included an objective to address vulnerable groups, including women and children, and how they had been impacted by the violence. The commission was tasked with producing a comprehensive report of its findings in order to promote healing and reconciliation, which it presented in 2009.

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Since 2012, the Central African Republic (CAR) has been embroiled in a civil war between the government and rebel groups, specifically the coalition of rebel militias known as the Séléka and Anti-balaka. This civil war has seen the targeting of civilians, with sexual violence used as a tactic of war and considered to be performed...
The Mediation Committee for National Reconciliation (Comité de Médiation pour la Réconciliation Nationale) was mandated to investigate post-election violence in Abidjan in October 2000, which resulted in the deaths of 171 citizens. The Commission for Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation (2011-2014) was established after the 2010-2011 post-election violence in Côte d’Ivoire as a mechanism to promote...
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