CSVR | CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF VIOLENCE AND RECONCILIATION

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African Transitional Justice Hub
North Africa
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Truth Commissions
Egypt’s first Fact-Finding Commission, established in 2012 by then President Mohamed Morsi, was charged with gathering information and evidence about the killing and injury of demonstrators between 25 January 2011 and 30 June 2012, which included reviewing measures taken by the executive and the extent to which it cooperated with judicial authorities.
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Peace Agreements
Libyan parties met in Paris at the invitation of French President Emmanuel Macron, with UN Special Representative Ghassan Salamé in attendance. They issued a 10-point Joint Declaration reaffirming the 2015 Libyan Political Agreement (Skhirat) and committed to advancing national reconciliation and institutional unification. The parties agreed to a nationwide ceasefire, restricting the use of armed...
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Transitional Justice Processes
On 21 November 1949, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 289 V, calling for the unification and independence of Libya by 1 January 1952. The resolution comprised of a transitional period involving the United Nations Commissioner and the Council of Ten, including one representative from each province, one representative for Libyan minorities, and one...
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Peace Agreements
The aim of the Agreement was to address the immediate suffering of the Libyan people and build a democratic civil state through national consensus. The preamble underscored the importance of Libyan women in conflict prevention and resolution as well as the need to engage the youth in peace-making. The Agreement set out Governing Principles, including...
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Transitional Justice Processes
Morocco is a racially and linguistically diverse country with a history of political upheaval rooted in early colonial occupation. Arabs and Imazighen (Berber) make up the largest percentage of the population, while other groups include descendants of Spanish refugees who fled the Reconquista and of Sub-Saharan African slaves. The country’s status as a French protectorate...
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Truth Commissions
The Equity and Reconciliation Commission of Morocco (Instance Equité et Réconciliation) (2004-2009) was mandated to investigate the extent and nature of gross human rights committed from 1956 until 1999. The commission was charged with investigating allegations of unresolved forced disappearances and to investigate state actors and other parties that may have been involved in those...
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Truth Seeking and Sexual Violence
In 1999, following the death of Moroccan President King Hassan II, his successor Mohammed VI created the Independent Arbitration Commission (IAC) as a mechanism for reparations to compensate victims/survivors of past political abuses, specific to arbitrary detention and forced disappearances. However, the IAC was largely criticised by victims/survivors and their relatives for not fully committing...
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Peace Agreements
Under the auspices of Libya’s Government of National Accord and with Tuareg tribal witnesses, the Tebu and Awlad Sulayman tribes signed a reconciliation agreement in Rome to end violent conflict and restore social cohesion. Both sides committed to reconciliation, reparations for victims, lifting social protections for perpetrators, and prosecuting individuals who violate the peace. The...
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Peace Agreements
The Tebu and Zway tribes signed a reconciliation charter to end violent conflict in Kufra. Facilitated by tribal elders and local mediators, the agreement committed both parties to cease hostilities, enable displaced persons to return, and ensure the free movement of people and goods. The charter emphasised individual accountability for crimes, lifted tribal protection for...
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