Tribal leaders and mediators in Sabha, Libya, brokered a reconciliation agreement between the Al-Qadhadhfa and Awlad Sulayman tribes, bringing an end to cycles of armed conflict. The Parties reaffirmed a previous ceasefire, committed to withdrawing from military positions, and agreed to hand over perpetrators of future crimes to mutually approved authorities, avoiding collective punishment.
CSVR | CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF VIOLENCE AND RECONCILIATION
Gadgets
View AllLiberia’s history as the first African state to proclaim independence in 1847 makes it one of the most unique countries on the continent. The abolition of the slave trade in the 19th century and the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 motivated many people of African descent in the United States, including freed slaves, free-born blacks and those of Afro-Caribbean origin, to relocate to the West African coast of what would later be known as Liberia. Due to its American ‘ancestry,’ Liberia was one of just two countries in Africa that maintained their sovereignty during the infamous ‘scramble for Africa’ in the 1880s.
After Kenya’s independence from Britain in 1963, Jomo Kenyatta became the first prime minister and later president of the country from 1963 until his death in 1978. Kenyatta’s administration was dominated by Kikuyus, his own ethnic group, who also dominated the military and public administration.
The Central African Republic (CAR) gained its independence from France in August 1960. Since then, the country has experienced many years of, arguably, Africa’s most complex, enduring and, perhaps, devastating conflict. The years of instability in the country have been characterised by coups, civil wars and interference by international actors.
The African Union, the regional economic communities and African states must create and implement robust frameworks for witness protection in order to ensure the success of transitional justice measures on the continent, writes Emmanuel Ayoola.
Tunisia’s Truth and Dignity Commission (Instance Vérité et Dignité, or IVD) was formed on 17 December 2013. The commission was mandated to investigate gross violations of human rights from 1955 to the official start of its proceedings. This timeline included the authoritarian regimes of former prime ministers Habib Bourguiba (1957-1987) and Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1987-2011).
For nearly five decades, Togo experienced an internal conflict that was characterised by clashes between political factions, state security forces and various other organisations. From 1958 to 2005, there were continuous attacks by these armed groups on civilians, communities, chiefs and other leaders (CVJR, 2012, p. 227), beginning with the rule of Sylvanus Olympio and concluding after the tenure of Gnassingbé Eyadéma. The majority of the violence occurred under Eyadéma’s military dictatorship, which governed the country from 1967 to 2005.
Marketing
View AllAfter years of British colonialism and later white minority rule, the liberation movements in Rhodesia achieved black majority rule with the signing of the Lancaster House Settlement in 1979. In March 1980, the country held its first democratic elections, resulting in Robert Mugabe, of the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) political party, becoming the first prime minister of Zimbabwe. Mugabe proceeded to establish an authoritarian regime characterised by one-party control and state-sanctioned violence and intimidation.
