South Africa’s history has long been marred by racism and discrimination. In 1652, the Dutch East India Company established a settlement in the Cape. Once there, the settlers brutalized and dispossessed the indigenous San and Khoikhoi populations, forcing them into indentured servitude. Control over the Cape passed to the British in 1806. European domination was later expanded beyond the Cape Colony when Britain outlawed slavery in 1834, leading many Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers) to venture northeast and establish new colonial republics. In 1910, the various British and Boer republics were integrated under the Union of South Africa, which implemented several country-wide racist policies. These included the Mines and Works Act of 1911, which restricted black people to menial work; the Native Land Act of 1913, which allocated only 10 percent of arable land to the majority black population; and legislation requiring black Africans to carry identity documents.