Covering the period from decolonisation to 2020, this database provides an overview of peace agreements in Africa that contain components related to transitional justice.
As defined by the African Union Transitional Justice Policy (AUTJP), transitional justice encompasses “the various (formal and traditional or non-formal) policy measures and institutional mechanisms that societies, through an inclusive consultative process, adopt in order to overcome past violations, divisions and inequalities and to create conditions for both security and democratic and socio-economic transformation.” This database includes truth-seeking mechanisms, accountability mechanisms following on conflict or crisis periods, and political and institutional reforms. It also includes traditional justice, reparations, socioeconomic measures and recognition and restoration of the human rights of affected and vulnerable communities.
Peace processes are an indicative element of transitional justice. According to the AUTJP, they are “concerned with bringing an end to any ongoing violence and removing the threats of further violence impacting the affected population.” Peace negotiations and agreements ideally incorporate transitional justice considerations from the outset so as to positively influence the resolution of all dimensions of the conflict. This database focuses on peace agreements involving African states and national-level political players. Peace agreements at the subnational level and among non-state actors are not included, nor are agreements that relate only to ceasefires and their implementation or humanitarian aid.
1996 Political Charter
The Parties to the 1996 Political Charter pledged to put an end to the ongoing civil war in the Sudan, and agreed on the following provisions: to resolve the conflict in the Sudan through peaceful and political means; to preserve the unity of Sudan; at the end of the interim period, to enable a referendum by the people of the ...
Abyei Joint Committee Agreement
In relation to the Abyei Joint Committee, the Parties agreed to the establishment of the Abyei Joint Oversight Committee (AJOC) with the aim to oversee the administration of the Abyei Area. The Members of the AJOC agreed to keep in mind the interests of the local communities, especially in relation to the planting and migration seasons. The Parties agreed to ...
Addis Ababa Agreement on the Problem of South Sudan
The Parties to the Agreement decided to enact a law called the law for Regional Self-Government in the Southern Provinces, which cannot be amended except by a three-quarters majority of the People’s National Assembly and confirmed by a two-thirds majority in a referendum held in the three Southern Provinces of the Sudan. The Parties agreed that the Provinces of Bahr ...
Agreement between Sudan and Eritrea
The Parties agreed to respect international laws and customs regulating peaceful co-existence and good-neighbourly relations among countries and peoples, and respect the political choices of both countries and peoples, refraining from adopting a policy of exporting ideologies and seeking to impose them. The Parties agreed to refrain from hosting or organising regional or international conferences that aim to adopt policies ...
Agreement between Sudan and Uganda
The Parties agreed to make every effort to disband and disarm terrorist groups and to prevent any acts of terrorism or hostile actions that might originate in the territory that might endanger the security of the other nation. The Parties agreed to join in a common effort to promote regional peace and to end the civil war in Sudan. The ...
Agreement between the Government of Sudan and NDA
The Parties reaffirmed their commitment to the consolidation of a comprehensive peace and further confirmed their determination to continue to resolve the root causes of the crisis in Sudan. The Parties agreed on General Principles, including a pluralist democratic political system, respect for human rights, citizenship as the basis for fundamental rights and public obligations, and participation of women at ...
Agreement between the Government of Sudan and SPLM on Temporary Arrangements for the Administration and Security of the Abyei Area
The Parties agreed that the Abyei Area Administration would consist of a Chief Administrator, Deputy Chief Administrator and five heads of department, with the Chief Administrator nominated by the SPLM. The Parties agreed to establish an Abyei Joint Oversight Committee to oversee the Executive Council, on behalf of the Presidents of Sudan and South Sudan. The Parties agreed to the ...
Agreement between the Government of Sudan, SLM and JEM
The Parties agreed that a peaceful and durable solution can only be achieved through frank and sincere dialogue, and affirmed that they would hold a general conference of all representatives of Darfur to discuss the political, economic and social situation with a view to finding a definitive solution to the conflict. The Parties agreed to establish a Joint Preparatory Commission ...
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement to Protect Non-Combatant Civilians and Civilian Facilities from Military Attack
The Parties agreed to the establishment of a Verification Mission to investigate, evaluate and report on alleged incidents involving serious violations against non-combatant civilians and civilian facilities. Provisions are made for the organisation and conduct of investigations by the Mission. The Verification Mission will issue an incident report, which will include both an analysis of the incident and, if a ...
Agreement of Good Will and Confidence Building for the Settlement of the Problem in Darfur
The Parties to the Agreement agreed to adopt a comprehensive approach when addressing the root causes of the problem and to realise a lasting peace in the country. The Parties committed to release prisoners ...
Agreement on Political Partnership between NCP and SPLM/N and Political and Security Arrangements in Blue Nile and Southern Kordofan States
The Parties agreed to form a Joint Political Committee to address all issues relevant to Blue Nile and Southern Kordofan States, guided by agreed on principles, including inclusive governance, balanced development, popular consultations and a peaceful and prosperous future. The mandate of the Joint Political Committee would include implementation of the outstanding provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, achievement of ...
Agreement on the Status of Nationals of the Other State
In the Framework Agreement on the Status of Nationals of the Other State, the Parties agreed that the social and economic viability of the two States necessitates continuous interaction between people of the two States. The Parties agreed to set up a Joint High Level Committee to adopt and implement measures on the status and treatment of the nationals of ...
Agreements between the Government of Sudan and LJM
The Parties to the Agreement on the Adoption of the Doha Document adopted the Doha Darfur Peace Document (DDPD), including the provisions on participation of the LJM at the different levels of power and the arrangements to integrate its forces through DDR, and agreed to implement all the provisions thereof ...
Agreements between the Government of Sudan and SPLM/A
The Parties to the Machakos Protocol agreed that the people of South Sudan have a right to self-determination, to govern affairs in their region and to participate equitably in the National Government. The Parties agreed to a six-year interim period, after which an internationally monitored referendum would take place for the people of South Sudan to vote for secession or ...
Agreements between the Government of Sudan and the Justice and JEM
The Parties to the Protocol on Participation agreed to the participation of JEM at different levels of government, including a National Minister and State Minister position, as well as DRA-level positions and at the level of the States. The Parties further agreed that JEM combatants would be integrated in the Sudan Armed Forces and the Sudan Police Forces in accordance ...
Agreements between the Government of the Sudan and SPLM II
The Parties to the Framework Agreement on Wealth Sharing agreed on equitable principles in relation to wealth sharing, including through transfers from the National Government to the Government of South Sudan. The Parties agreed that the wealth would be shared to promote the quality of life, dignity and living conditions of all the citizens without discrimination. The Parties agreed that ...
Agreements for Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region
These agreements together aim to promote sustainable peace and security in the Great Lakes region. The Preamble to the Pact on Security, Stability and Development reaffirms the “individual and collective determination to transform the Great Lakes Region into a space of durable peace and security, of political and social stability, and of economic growth and shared development by multi-sector cooperation ...
Bilateral Agreement for the Development and Strengthening of Relations between Sudan and Chad
The Parties to the Bilateral Agreement agreed to normalise relations between Chad and Sudan and to develop and reinforce political, economic and social relations through the use of official and popular channels. The Parties agreed to support the political and security efforts of the African Union to ensure the reestablishment of stability in Darfur and on the border between the ...
Cooperation Agreements between Sudan and South Sudan
In the Cooperation Agreement, the Parties recognised that they share a long and rich common heritage, and recognised further the urgent need to bring peace, security and stability. The Parties agreed to establish Sudan and South Sudan as two viable, stable, secure and at peace States, and agreed to cooperate across the range of areas of common interest to ensure ...
Darfur Peace Agreement
The Parties to the Darfur Peace Agreement established General Principles for power sharing, as well as criteria and guidelines for power sharing, to ensure the inclusion of Darfurians at all levels of governance in all institutions of the State ...
Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Nuba Mountains’ Problem
The Parties to the Declaration acknowledged the fact that the Nuba Mountains’ state problem is one of the Sudan’s historical and longstanding problems that requires a solution through an objective and constructive dialogue. The Parties committed to the following principles for reaching a final solution: recognition of the longstanding problem; confirmed commitment to constructive dialogue and peaceful solution; unity of ...
Declaration of Principles for the Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur
The Parties agreed on principles to guide future deliberations and form the basis for a just, comprehensive and durable settlement of the conflict in Darfur, including respect for the diversity of the people of Sudan, democracy and political pluralism, federal government with devolution of powers, effective representation in government institutions, equitable distribution of national wealth, return and assistance for refugees ...
Doha Document for Peace in Darfur
The Parties recognised the importance of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms of all people of Darfur, and the duties of the Government of Sudan (GoS), the Darfur Regional Authority (DRA) and the Governments of the States of Darfur to guarantee human rights. The Parties agreed to foster the participation of the people of Darfur in the planning, ...
Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement
The Parties to the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement agreed on fundamental principles for resolving political issues, including a federal system of government with effective devolution of powers, equitable representation of citizens in the national civil service, national armed forces and police and fair representation of women, amongst other principles ...
Fashoda Peace Agreement
The Parties discussed the 1997 Peace Agreement and agreed that SPLM–United would be guaranteed full legality of status and participation in the political and constitutional processes in the Sudan during the interim period. The Parties agreed that they would both have the right to freely propagate their respective options in the referendum among the people. The Parties also agreed on ...
Framework Agreement to Resolve the Conflict in Darfur between the Government of Sudan and JEM
The Parties agreed to general amnesty for all civil and military members of JEM and to release prisoners of war and convicted persons on both sides. The Parties agreed to participation of JEM in power at all levels of governance, the transformation of JEM into a political party, and integration of JEM forces into the national armed forces. The Parties ...
Framework Agreement to Resolve the Conflict in Darfur between the Government of Sudan and LJM
The Parties agreed on General Principles including Sudan’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, political pluralism, a federal system with devolution of powers, fair and equitable sharing of power and wealth, the right of refugees and IDPs to return home, promotion of reconciliation and re-establishment of peaceful co-existence in Darfur, and prioritisation of the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Darfur, amongst others ...
IGAD Declaration of Principles
The Parties to the Declaration agreed to principles that would constitute the basis for resolving the conflict in Sudan, including: a peaceful and just political solution; the rights of self-determination of the people of South Sudan to determine their future status through a referendum; full recognition and accommodation of diversities; complete political and social equalities of all people; extensive rights ...
Juba Declaration on Dialogue and National Consensus
The Parties to the Declaration noted the non-implementation of key provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), including the conduct of free and fair general elections and the holding of referenda in Southern Sudan and Abyei. They called for its implementation. The Parties recognised the historical injustices against people across Sudan, particularly in Southern Sudan and Darfur, since independence, and ...
Koka Dam Declaration
The Parties to the Declaration agreed on the prerequisites to foster an environment conducive to holding a National Constitutional Conference, including a declaration by all political forces and the government to discuss the Basic Problems of Sudan, and not the so-called problem of southern Sudan; the lifting of the state of emergency; adoption of the 1956 Constitution with the 1964 ...
Mekelle Memorandum of Understanding between NCP and SPLM on Post-Referendum Issues and Arrangements
The Parties agreed on the modalities for discussion of post-2011 referendum issues and arrangements for self-determination of Southern Sudan. The Parties agreed to establish a Joint Negotiations Team to lead the engagements. The issues to be discussed included citizenship, security, financial economic and natural resources, and international treaties and legal issues. The Parties agreed on a post-referendum arrangements negotiation structure ...
Political Charter between the Sudan Government and the SPLA/M–United
The Parties to the Charter pledged to cooperate, support each other and stand together in bringing about peace and ruling the Sudan according to the following principles: preserving the unity of Sudan; testing a federal system; promote participatory democracy; fight sectarianism; observe freedom of religion; recognise cultural diversity; Sharia, customs and beliefs as sources for legislation, but with states having ...
Roadmap Agreement
The Parties acknowledged that the Sudan National Dialogue convened in October 2015 was not sufficiently inclusive, and agreed that national political matters should be discussed in the context of Sudan’s Inclusive National Dialogue. The Parties agreed that the Dialogue should be made more inclusive, particularly as the outcome of the Dialogue would form the basis of the National Constitution. The ...
Roadmap for Return of Internally Displaced Persons and Implementation of Abyei Protocol
The Parties to the Roadmap agreed to deploy a new Joint/Integrated Unit in Abyei and to deploy police to the area. The Parties agreed that IDPs would be allowed to return to their former homesteads. The Agreement provided for interim arrangements in Abyei Administration, and that the Presidency would initiate peace and reconciliation processes in the area, with the aim ...
Sudan Peace Agreement
The Parties to the Agreement reaffirmed the principles in the 1996 Political Charter and agreed that for a four-year interim period South Sudan would enjoy special status. The Parties agreed to a general amnesty proclamation for members of SSDF from any criminal or civil culpability relating to acts committed during the period of the war, and the right of the ...